- Ezra Poundings – The Reboot
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto I
- The Traneumentary, Shooting for Trane, and Pound/Trane in Comparison
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto II
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto III
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: The Ur-Cantos
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto IV
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto V
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos VI and VII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos VIII-IX (The Malatesta Cantos, Part 1)
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos X-XI (The Malatesta Cantos, Part 2)
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XII-XIII (Baldy Bacon and Kung)
- “Ezra Poundings”
- Pound and the Occult: Leon Surette’s The Birth of Modernism: Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, W.B. Yeats, and the Occult
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XIV-XV (“The Hell-Cantos”)
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XVI — Ending “A Draft of XVI Cantos”
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XVII — Toward “A Draft of Cantos 17-27”
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XVIII & XIX
- Poundmania: On Process and Plans
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XX – XXII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XXIII – XXIV
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XXV-XXVI
- A Study From Ontario: Leon Surette’s A Light From Eleusis: A Study of Ezra Pound’s Cantos
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XXVII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XXVIII-XXX
- Ezra Pound Posts Delayed
- The Mays of Ventadorn by W.S. Merwin
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XXXI-XXXIII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XXXIV-XXXVI
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XXXVII-XXXIX
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XL-XLI
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XLII-XLV
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XLVI-XLVII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos XLVIII
- Reading the Cantos: A Study of Meaning in Ezra Pound by Noel Stock
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto XLIX
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto L
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LI
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LIII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LIV
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LV (Plus, What Do Ezra Pound, Robert Howard, J.R.R. Tolkien, H.P. Lovecraft, and Sun Ra Have In Common?)
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LVI & LVII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LIX
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LX
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXI
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: More on Canto LVII, and Canto LVIII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXIII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXV
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXIV
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXVI
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXVII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXVIII
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos LXIX and LXX
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Canto LXXI
- Blogging Pound’s The Cantos: Cantos LXXII and LXXIII (“The Fascist Cantos”)
Also, since the table of contents that my post series plugin creates has gotten far too unwieldy to include at the top of each post, I’ve gone ahead and made an index of the Cantos I’ve discussed, with links to each post. I’ll try remember to update it as I continue with this project. That index is here. The index is new, so I encourage you to check it out!
Well, here we are, the last of the Chinese Cantos. It’s been a long time in coming, but I’ve finished that set, and am ready to embark upon the voyage through the Adams Cantos… soon.
Those following along will have noted a delay. I spent much of February working on my own projects, and will continue to be doing so through March, April, and May. I have a novel that is once again underway and moving forward, after figuring out what was holding me back on it. (Partly, being married to the source material in an early draft, and partly my trying to make do with frequent short-day workdays when my brain just seems to work better with a few long days a week.)
In any case, it may take me some time to bust through the Adams to the Pisan Cantos, where things get really interesting again, but I will get there. For now, though, it’s time for me to spin off my thoughts on Canto LXI, the final “China Canto,” and close a much-extended epoch of this project.
In the contents page for the China and Adams Cantos (pages 255-256 of my edition of the Cantos), there’s a table of contents that I didn’t refer to much during my discussions, though of course some of the entries are revealing:
LIX. The Books into Manchu 324 Russian treaty
Which is interesting as a kind of Schenkerian gloss. Of course, I’m not sure Pound really intends the contents listed to really reflect what each canto is actually “about” so much as it tracks the historical moment discussed in a given poem. That in itself is interesting and worth considering, especially since it’s in the China Cantos where Pound seems to launch into a weirdly linear chronology, after so much skipping around and superimposition of different moments in history, myth, and narrative.
In any case, for today’s canto, we have the following:
LXI. Yong Tching (Chi tsong hien Hoang Ti) 1723 334 Kien Long 1736
That’s it. Not particularly revealing, though it feels even more like an imperial history than the entry for LIX did. And the canto starts with exactly what’s on the tin, too:
YONG TCHING his fourth son, to honor his forebears and spirits of fields of earth heaven utility public sought good of the people, active, absolute, loved No death sentence save a man were thrice tried and he putt out Xtianity chinese found it so immoral his mandarins found this sect so immoral
This is straight up hagiographic history of dynastic success, of course bearing in mind Pound’s slant against Christianity. The first page of the canto is fairly focused on the handling of Christianity by the Qing emperor “Yung Chêng” (or, as we know him now, the Yongzheng Emperor).
Pound’s adulation in part seems to be tied to this emperor’s antipathy towards Christianity, but also a general track record of what a Canadian like me might tend to call “good governance”: punishing graft and fraud and the victimizing of the poor, oppressive tax collection, and sensible policies for famine preparation, that sort of thing.
This of course brings back to mind Pound’s other obsession: with currency systems and banking. If it were possible to tell an exciting story about banker heroes, one imagines Hollywood would surely, by now, have found it. Good kings tend to be somewhat boring in the same way, and praise of sensible fiscal and development policy ends up often sounding much like hagiography, and just as boring.
Pound is trying the very difficult task of making a hero of a king because of his apparently good policies, and it’s an interesting struggle to watch, even if the Yongzheng Emperor doesn’t himself make for such interesting reading in the first few pages of this canto. Even his revival of ancient Confucian agricultural rites is presented as somewhat flat here:
Out by the Old Worker's Hill YONG ploughed half an hour three princes, nine presidents did their stuff and the peasants in gt/ mass sang the hymns befitting this field work as writ in LI KI in the old days And they sowed grain and in autumn the grain of that field was for ceremonial purposes put in sacks of Imperial yellow as fit for this purpose.
By the way, Old Worker’s Hill is a shrine in Beijing dedicated to this figure:
I can’t help but wish Pound had been as interested in the mythology and folk religions of China as he was in that of Europe: with what Western mythological being what would he have rhymed Shennong, the primal “first farmer” of Chinese mythology? This, again, I think is where the China Cantos somewhat fail: Pound cordons of China and treats it in the way de Mailla does. Maybe there was a lack of access to documents, of course; or maybe Pound wanted China to be a sort of isolated test case or historical control. I’m not sure, but the richness of the first forty Cantos would have continued on into the China Cantos if Pound had been able to engage with figures like Shennong.
Of course, Pound’s hostility to Taoism and Buddhism—and his investment in Confucianism as a skeptical philosophy empty of gods and other superstitious nonsense—might have made that impossible anyway, since a lot of the folk religion of China was, in some way or other, bound up with Buddhist and especially Taoist practices and beliefs, at least from the little I know. (And that’s not to mention the ancestor veneration rites and the role of ghosts in certain Confucian ceremonies, though for all I know maybe Pound didn’t think ghosts were superstitious after all.) Still, even if we were to take his view of Confucianism as accurate, I think in a sense, Pound’s focus on that side of things leaves us with half the Chinese dialectic: I’ve read a number of authors (but especially, I think it was Lu Xun, and Simon Leys quoting him) who’ve argued it’s the tension between Confucianism and Taoist thought that define Chinese historical culture and practice. (In other words, looking at China with a view focused on Confucianism and heavily stacked against Taoism seems a bit like, say, studying the Roman empire only in terms of its military history and not in terms of its culture, or economy, or politics.)
Now, anyone reading the following might find it an odd subject for a poem:
But the population of Yun-nan was growing and the price of grain kept goin’ up. Lot of land undeveloped so they opened it tax exemption for six years on good rice land and for ten years on dry and honours in proportion to how much a bloke would put under culture...
… but they shouldn’t. For comparison, here’s, say, Jonathan Swift writing verse about economic upheaval in London in 1720:
Ye wise Philosophers explain
What Magick makes our Money rise,
When dropt into the Southern Main;
Or do these Juglers cheat our Eyes?
Put in your Money fairly told;
Presto be gone – ‘Tis here agen:
Ladies, and Gentlemen, behold,
Here’s ev’ry Piece as big as Ten.
Thus in a Basin drop a Shilling,
Then fill the Vessel to the Brim;
You shall observe, as you are filling,
The Pond’rous Metal seems to swim:
It rises both in Bulk and Height,
Behold it mounting to the Top;
The liquid Medium cheats your
Sight, Behold it swelling like a Sop.
Pound’s apparent insistence that a poem could “contain history” (meaning anything within history, which is to say anything at all) is not really odd or new: there was a time when it was taken for grated that even London pub guides should be written in verse. Pound here is being oddly (if characteristically) archaic, if anything.
Even an astonishing story like that of the peasant Chiyeou somehow comes across as flat: the peasant found a purse of money, honestly turned it in, and was rewarded opulently by the emperor… uh, okay? It’s grist for the mill of showing the mentality of the Yongzheng Emperor, but, well, I suppose here’s something: Pound moralizes, but not as often as we might think. More often, he alludes, and lets us make of the allusions what we like, in the earlier Cantos. Terrell certain expresses opinions about the allusions and what they mean, and suggests whether Pound’s attitude is positive or negative. In the China Cantos, Pound alludes much less, and states much more. One wishes he’d done the opposite, or at least I do, for the allusions were a major attraction of the early Cantos for me.
In any case, we cannot help but arrive at the verdict that YONG TCHING, as Pound calls him, did a good job in his capacity as Qing Emperor, and was both optimistic and idealistic about humanity. Pound also, it seems, sees a peculiarly American sensibility in Yongzheng:
Died 1735 at 58
in the 13th year of his reign
Came KIEN, 40 years before 'our revolution '
YONG TCHENG unregretted by canaglia and nitwits
' A man's happiness depends on himself,
not on his Emperor
If you think that I can make any man happy
you have misunderstood the FU
福
(the Happiness ideogram) that I have sent you.
Doesn’t this sound a bit like the whole self-reliance schtick so fundamental to the old 19th century American ideology? (Or, you know, still in full force in certain areas of the country even now?) It does to me, at least.
That FU, by the way, is glossed by Terrell as “happiness, prosperity” but when I sought out the character online (here’s its Wikipedia page), I turned up quite a cornucopia of stuff. “Prosperity” or “fortune” (and “blessing,” too) were among the glosses I found, as well as a reference to yet another Taoist deity. I doubt Pound would have known about the latter, but I imagine he was aware of the “blessing” sense of 福, since the Yongzheng Emperor sent the inscription to someone (unmentioned in the poem)
So then what about “KIEN”, his successor the Qianglong Emperor?
From the rough sketch Terrell presents, the Qianlong Emperor seems like one of those types to which Pound really, really was irresistibly attracted: he had the strongman elements (subduing rebellion in West China, forcing tribute from Burma and Nepal, and establishing territorial control of Tibet); he spent a decade (that is, a lifetime in American politics even in Pound’s time, and a century in our political world) complete reorganizing his government; he was an active (if mediocre) poet and patronized and directed a great deal of publishing in China under his reign. What’s not to love? Pound gives us dispatches from the front—stuff about melting down cannon and preserving Muslim treasures in Xinjiang and what was once Chinese Turkestan (now West Uzbekistan).
But Pound’s excitement seems… subdued. also seems eager to move on: he refers to the Adamses, a hint of what’s to come in Canto LXII, and to the American Revolution. Pound’s decision to focus on Yongzheng seems to line up nicely here too: John Adams was born in 1735, the last year of Yongzheng’s rule.
According to Pound (and presumably Mailla), in this period the influence of the West waned in China. A few Jesuits were tolerated, but their faith was not, and despite a random Italian ambassador’s appearance in these lines, the emperors at hand seem very much more wary of the West—a fair instinct, given that a century later, we have the Opium Wars and Westerners getting involved in the Taiping Rebellion.
Personally, I really wish Pound had progressed through the rest of Chinese history, if only for a chance to see what he made of that latter event: the Taiping Rebellion happened during his father’s lifetime, and was enough within living memory that the name Gordon was still popular into the 1930s (in honor of “Chinese” Gordon, also known as “Gordon of Khartoum,” who played a major role in the conflict). Pound doubtless would have been caustic about the Chinese rebel who styled himself the son of Jehovah and the little brother of Christ, but we’ll never know.
I do wish I had some of the sources on Pound and China that I had access to back at my old workplace. Pound may have first encountered the characters of Chinese writing in their Japanese form, but he actively corresponded with Chinese scholars in his own lifetime, and I believe the letters would be helpful in breathing some life into these otherwise somewhat dull poems about what is mostly ancient history.
Likewise, how Pound might have opined on the end of the Chinese Imperial rule, and on the modernization of China, is at least a topic for elsewhere: it’s the 1700s, and Pound’s done with China for now, so we are too. We’ll continue to see Chinese characters in the text, but this sums up Pound’s longest and deepest engagement with Chinese history, as part of the project of the Cantos. Next time, we’ll be continuing with Canto LXII, the first of the Adams Cantos.
Some thoughts, before I completely finish, however, on that speculative occult-Pound I was working on building up—the reason for this research in the first place.
- Pound’s approach seems to be to invest individual characters with great significance and power. Questions remain as to how that would work within the context of The Cantos, but I think for one thing, he’d be using characters that way in his thaumaturgy, too: no long spells, just specific characters written in the right ink having possibly magical effects.
- Pound’s essentially pulp worldview seems to shine through when it comes to China: there’s the wise rulers, the idiots, the bad women, the budzers and taozers and Jesuits, and the line of succession. Well, and there is poetry and art and learning, which are the province of the wise rulers. One wonders what Pound would have made of our latter-day conviction that there are no truly “wise” leaders, only better or worse, or just politicians who are all flawed and compromised, though some are more so than others. One suspects he would not have liked that notion one bit, and one suspects that’s why was willing to lie so hard to himself to imagine Mussolini meant anything by his comment about The Cantos.
- Narrative-wise, I feel like at this stage of his career Pound would be frustrated and desperate to be producing the Cantos, the book he knows he must write in order to “contain” history. He opts to render de Mailla in verse, and does it, but his artistic payoff is low compared to the earlier Cantos, and he’s trying to find a way to connect it all to the West. Or maybe he’s trying to “lock down” Chinese history for some special reason?
- Given the number of times Pound throws around terms like “jap” and “chink” I find it a little surprising that people dwell so little on that alongside his anti-Semitism. I can only guess that people are way more sensitive to the latter, even now (and way less willing to engage in “man of his time” arguments for the latter, too), but also that probably not many people make it far enough through the Cantos to be upset by the racial epithets used on Asians. Then again, we see Pound using Chinese character, and writing a hundred pages of cantos about East Asian history with both good and bad guys in it: there’s some degree of respect evident there, despite the nasty language, where I don’t see the same for Jewish people and their history in his work. Still, it’s another set of slurs that are jarring… or would be, at least, if we didn’t know Pound as we so long and so deeply have come to know him.
Right, that’s it till next time, when I start with the first of the Adams Cantos.